My uncle smoked for 40 years and never got cancer. The risks are clearly overstated.

Fabricated passage — teaching example designed for clarity.

Data & evidence issue / anecdotal evidence

anecdotal evidence — one case used to contradict population-level data

My uncle smoked for 40 years and never got cancer. The risks are clearly overstated.

  • single case
  • survivorship bias
  • contradicts aggregate evidence
Family
Data & evidence issue
Habitat
opinion writing, social media, personal commentary
Frequency
found in 18% of analyzed articles
"I've driven without a seatbelt my whole life. Never had a problem. The law is patronising."

Opinion column, regional paper, January 2026

"My grandmother ate butter every day until 94. The saturated fat scare was always overblown."

Lifestyle commentary, national magazine, March 2026

Personal stories feel real in a way statistics don't. A vivid counterexample makes a statistical rule feel uncertain — even when the rule is based on millions of cases.

Ask: how many cases are in the actual dataset? Does one exception change the probability?

See it flagged in real articles while you read.

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